The Old Testament devotes considerable attention to describing the portable
tent, or tabernacle, of the Jewish people built under the leadership of
Moses. After the conquest of Canaan the tabernacle and its contents remained
at Shiloh throughout the time of Judges. After Shiloh was destroyed (about
1050 BC), the Ark traveled through various Philistine cities and finally
was brought to David's palace south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, and
then into the holy of holies of the First Temple dedicated by Solomon about
952 BC.
The First Temple geometrically resembled the tabernacle though it was twice
as large and built of immense quantities of stone, cedar wood and lined
with gold. [See Exodus 25-31; 35-40, Numbers 3:25 ff, 4: ff, also Philo
(II Mos. 91) and Josephus (Ant. 3:122 ff). Moses built everything according
to a pattern revealed to him on Mt. Sinai, Hebrews 8:5.]
After the First Temple was completed (I Kings 5-8), the Tabernacle of Moses
was dismantled. It may have been stored in a room under the Temple Mount
in Jerusalem. There is some evidence that it may still lie there to this
day.
Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem and the First Temple on the 9th of Av
586 BC, the Jews were then taken captive to Babylon and the city had no
center of worship until Zerubbabel and the returning exiles built the Second
Temple, completing it in 516 BC.
The Second Temple, modest in comparison with its predecessor, was rebuilt
and enlarged by Herod the Great beginning in 20 BC. Herod recruited 10,000
workman and set them to the task commencing in the 17th year of his reign.
Josephus gives vivid descriptions of the Second Temple and its environs,
and also records the terrible destruction by the Roman general Titus in
70 AD
I Kings 6 ff, I Chronicles 22 ff. 3, Ezra, Nehemiah and Haggai describe
the rebuilding of the temple after the Babylonian captivity. This is the
so-called "Second Temple" which Herod the Great later greatly
enlarged. Jesus was dedicated in the Second Temple, He cast out money chambers
there on two occasions, and He taught frequently in the temple courts.
During the 70 year captivity of the Jews in Babylon and again in the diaspora,
just ending in the last century, the Jewish people have centered their worship
of the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in synagogues around the world. Since
the terrible destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in AD 70, temple
sacrifices, offerings, instruction, and worship have ceased in accordance
with an Old Testament prophecy of Hosea (about 746 BC):
"For the children of Israel shall dwell many days without king or prince, without sacrifice or pillar, without ephod or terephim. Afterward the children of Israel shall return and seek the LORD their God, and David their king; and they shall come in fear to the LORD and to his goodness in the latter days." (Hosea 3:4,5)
The regathering of the Jewish people to their homeland in our time (as
predicted for example in Ezekiel 37) is being accompanied by a rapidly accelerating
religious consciousness in Israel, the awakening of ancient longings and
aspirations and the rediscovery of many immutable promises God has made
to the chosen seed of Abraham. The fact that a Third Temple is to be built
can be shown from the Tanach. But three passages in the New Testament also
refer to such a building not now in existence as of this writing in 1996
AD. Many Christians have thus speculated in recent years about when the
Third Temple would be built. This is considered by many to be an important
milestone pointing to the end of the age.
The entire Temple Mount contains cisterns and passages most of which have
been inaccessible since 70 AD. The Temple Mount proper was liberated from
Jordanian control in the Six-Day War of 1967, but then returned by Israel
to the custody of the Muslim Waqf (Jordan). The site is some 34 acres in
extent with the prominent "Dome of the Rock" near the center and
Al Aqsa mosque at the South end. Jews pray night and day at the Western
Wall, which is below the Temple Mount, along a section of the great retaining
wall of the Mount, in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City. The Western Wall
as close as Jews can get these days to the site of their ancient temples.
Dr. Asher Kaufman, formerly of the Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University,
Jerusalem, has for many years made careful studies on Mount Moriah leading
him to believe the Temples of Solomon and Zerubbabel were both located just
north of the Dome of the Rock on the paved platform area. The Holy of Holies
is believed to have been approximately on the bedrock covered by a small
shrine, the Dome of the Spirits. The Muslim stewards of the site have systematically
destroyed or covered over all evidence that the site was once important
to the Jews or to Christians.
Others, including Dan Bahat the Dean of Jerusalem archaeologists today,
have argued persuasively that the First and Second Temples were most certainly
located where the present Dome of the Rock shrine now stands.
A third view is that of Architect Tuvia Sagiv who presents striking evidence
that the Temple location was South of the Dome of the Rock, but North of
Al Aqsa Mosque, under the present Muslim El Kas fountain.
The Temple Mount area is also the location of the birth of the Christian
church at the feast of Pentecost which followed seven sabbaths plus one
day after the death of Messiah. Neither Christians nor Jews are presently
allowed to pray or worship on the site in spite of its historic importance
to all of Abraham's children.
To go back even further in time the Temple Mount has great historical importance
to the Jews. Abraham met a priest of the true God named Melchidezek at Mount
Moriah about 4000 years ago (Genesis 14, Hebrews 5-7). A few years later,
Abraham offered his son as a sacrifice there (Genesis 22), and King David
purchased the site from a local resident named Ornan (I Chronicles 21),
about 1015 BC.
Muslim claims to the Temple Mount date only from 638 AD. The Crusaders turned
the Muslim buildings on the Mount into churches in 1099 until Saladin restored
Arab rule of Jerusalem in 1187.
The New Testament makes only brief references to temples, in fact the Apostle
Paul speaking to a crowd in Athens from Mars Hill said
"The God who made the world and everything in it, being Lord of Heaven and earth, does not live in shrines made by man, nor is he served by human hands, as though he needed anything, since he himself gives to all men life, and breadth, and everything..." (Acts 17:24-25).
Instead, the emphasis of the New Covenant is the personal presence of Jesus
as Messiah, Immanuel (which means "God with us") dwelling within
and in the midst of his people whenever and wherever they gather in his
name.
The New Testament opens with the four-gospel revelation of God's Son, Jesus.
John in His gospel says that God in Christ "tabernacled" among
men. Later in the First Century, both Paul and Peter call the true church
"a living temple." Individual believers are "living stones"
and Christ is Himself the foundation stone or the "chief cornerstone."
For two thousand years of Biblical history the emphasis has been on assemblies
or congregations of Christians or Jews, not on sacred buildings.
Yet there are at least three references in the New Testament to a temple
building existing in Jerusalem in the future as noted above. From
the context these references appear to refer to a new, or "Third Temple"
yet to be built in the city. There has been growing interest since the rebirth
of Israel in 1948 among the Jews for a central place of worship in their
capital city. Although synagogues have served admirably as centers of worship
and community for the Jews in their dispersion, a temple in Jerusalem on
the exact site of the Second Temple is required by the Jews as a central
house of prayer and focal point of the faith until Messiah comes.
Because of our sins we were exiled from our country and banished from our land. We cannot go up as pilgrims to worship Thee, to perform our duties in Thy chosen house, the great and Holy Temple which was called by Thy name, on account of the hand that was let loose on Thy sanctuary. May it be Thy will, Lord our God and God of our fathers, merciful King, in Thy abundant love again to have mercy on us and on Thy sanctuary; rebuild it speedily and magnify its glory. (The Jewish Prayer Book)
According to Maimonedes it is incumbent on the Jews to maintain the temple
in Jerusalem if it is in existence and to rebuild it speedily if it does
not. Many Jews acknowledge from the Tanach that shedding of blood is associated
with the remission of sins. Thus the restoration of animal sacrifices in
a properly consecrated temple is seen as very important to them.
The Third Temple must be placed on the same spot of ground as the First
and Second Temples because of the Jewish concept of zones of holiness on
Yahweh's sacred mountain.
Jesus spoke of the Third Temple building in Jerusalem when discussing with
his disciples the chain of events that would bring the close of the present
age and his return. He spoke of an event yet future predicted by Daniel
the prophet when the temple in Jerusalem would suffer ultimate defilement
by a false Messiah who claimed to be God:
"So when you see the desolating sacrilege spoken of by the prophet Daniel, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains; let him who is on the housetop not go down to take what is in his house; and let him who is in the field not turn back to take his mantle. And alas for those who are with child and for those who give suck in those days! Pray that your flight may not be in winter or on a sabbath. For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been from the beginning of the world until now, no, and never will be." (Matthew 24:15-21)
Since only a properly consecrated temple can be defiled, this passage
implies a functioning, dedicated Third Temple and priesthood in existence
in the end time at the time Jesus said he would return.
The apostle Paul, writing a few years later, describes this same event:
"Now concerning the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our assembling to meet him, we beg you, brethren, not to be quickly shaken in mind or excited, either by spirit or by word, or by letter purporting to be from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord has come. Let no one deceive you in any way; for that day will not come, unless the rebellion comes first, and the man of lawlessness is revealed, the son of perdition, who opposes and exalts himself against every so-called god or object of worship, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, proclaiming himself to be God," (2 Thessalonians 2:1-4).
The coming false Jewish messiah, resembling his predecessor Antiochus
Epiphanes (~175 BC), is the "worthless shepherd" spoken of by
the prophet Zechariah - and the man Jesus spoke of when he said to the Jews,
"I have come in my Father's name and you would not receive me. Another
will come in his own name, him you will receive." (John 5:43) (See
also Daniel 9:27, Revelation 13:18)
Finally, the existence of the Third Temple in Jerusalem at the close of
the age is confirmed by the aged apostle John when he recorded the Book
of the Revelation:
"Then I was given a measuring rod like a staff, and I was told 'Rise and measure the temple of God and the altar and those who worship there, but do not measure the court outside the temple; leave that out, for it is given over to the nations, and they will trample over the holy city for forty-two months."' (Revelation 11:1-2)
In contrast to the earthly city the Book of the Revelation, the last book of the New Testament, describes the heavenly city New Jerusalem, descending from space, as a city which contains no temple at all:
"And I saw no temple in the city, for its temple is the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb. And the city has no need of sun or moon to shine upon it, for the glory of God is its light, and its lamp is the Lamb." (Revelation 21:22,23)
Evidently the Third Temple has a limited life time and use towards the
close of the present age. Probably it will be destroyed in the "great
earthquake" which is described by Ezekiel and in the Revelation as
shaking Jerusalem just prior to the second coming of Jesus Christ. In fact,
at the time (all) "the cities of the nations will fall."
Most Bible scholars agree that the end time tribulation period, Daniel's
"Seventieth Week,' encompasses just seven years. So it seems safe to
say that the Third Temple may be built and destroyed within a decade or
two, perhaps less. It will probably remain consecrated and undefiled for
at least 3-1/2 years. [Concerning the violent events and the great earthquake
during the tribulation period see Isaiah 29:1-8, Revelation 6:12, 8:5, 11:13,
16:18-21, Ezekiel 38:19, Daniel 9:24-27, Zechariah 12-14.]
No one knows whether the Third Temple will be built before of after what
Christians call "the rapture of the true church." Possibly the
Third Temple will be built when the western political leader known as the
Antichrist makes a peace treaty between Arabs and Jews as predicted by Daniel
the prophet. A rabbinical school (or yeshiva) for the training of the priests
for this temple is presently in existence in the Old City. Sacred vessels
and priestly garments have been prepared. Cedar from Lebanon captured in
the north during the war there in 1982 has been placed in storage for the
next temple, and so on. Thus there has been considerable preparation for
the Third Temple by the religious Jews of modern Jerusalem. Both the Askenazi
and Sephardic Chief Rabbis of Jerusalem agree that such a temple will be
built as soon as circumstances permit.
There may yet be a fourth Temple built in Israel-the prophet Zechariah (ca.
500 BC) says that Messiah, whom he calls the "Branch" will yet
build a temple in Israel:
"Take from them (the exiles) silver and gold, and make a crown, and set it upon the head of Joshua, the son of Jehozadak, the high priest, and say to him, 'Thus says the Lord of hosts, "Behold, the man whose name is the Branch: for he shall grow up in his place, and he shall build the temple of the Lord. It is he who shall build the temple of the Lord, and shall bear royal honor, and shall sit and rule upon his throne. And there shall be a priest by his throne, and peaceful understanding shall be between them both."' (Zechariah 6:13.)
Since orthodox Christians hold to a literal, physical return of Jesus, the construction of the Fourth Temple, they believe, would thus be the responsibility of their Lord, whom they believe to be Yeshua HaMaschiah. This temple may well be that seen by Ezekiel (ca. 570 BC) in a vision. A temple that matches his description has never yet been built. Moreover, the Fourth Temple will evidently not be built at Jerusalem but possibly at Shiloh, some 31 km to the North:
"When you allot the land as a possession, you shall set apart for the Lord a portion of the land as a holy district, twenty-five thousand cubits long and twenty thousand cubits broad; it shall be holy throughout its whole extent. Of this a square plot of five hundred by five hundred cubits shall be for the sanctuary, with fifty cubits for an open space around it. And in the holy district you shall measure off a section twenty-five thousand cubits long and ten thousand broad, in which shall be the sanctuary, the most holy place. It shall be the holy portion of the land; it shall be for the priests, who minister in the sanctuary and approach the Lord to minister to him; and it shall be a place for their houses and a holy place for the sanctuary. Another section, twenty-five thousand cubits long and ten thousand cubits broad, shall be for the Levites who minister at the temple, as their possession for cities to live in."
"Alongside the portion set apart as the holy district you shall assign for the possession of the city an area five thousand cubits broad, and twenty-five thousand cubits long it shall belong to the whole house of Israel."
"And to the prince shall belong the land on both sides of the holy district and the property of the city, on the west and on the east, corresponding in length to one of the tribal portions, and extending from the western to the eastern boundary of the land. It is to be his property in Israel. And my princes shall no more oppress my people; but they shall let the house of Israel have the land according to their tribes." (Ezekiel 45:1-8.)
And also,
"Adjoining the territory of Judah, from the east side to the west, shall be the portion which you shall set apart, twenty-five thousand cubits in breadth, and in length equal to one of the tribal portions, from the east side to the west, with the sanctuary in the midst of it. The portion which you shall set apart for the Lord shall be twenty-five thousand cubits in length, and twenty thousand in breadth." (Ezekiel 48.)
According to many Bible scholars, the fourth or "millennial temple"
(Ezekiel 40-45), will be memorial, a teaching center to instruct men about
the holiness of God and proper worship. As sinful men and women continue
to be born into the world in the Millennium the temple is supposed to remind
everyone of the substitionary death of Jesus on the cross, as the "Lamb
of God," some two thousand years earlier.
Though the Biblical emphasis is never on temple buildings but on men and
their character, scripture does not negate the use of shadows and symbols.
Literal physical realities are said to be given in order to teach about
the enduring, permanent spiritual realities they point to.
"Thus says the Lord: 'Heaven is my throne and the earth is my footstool; what is the house which you would build for me, and what is the place of my rest. All these things my hand has made, and so all these things are mine, says the Lord. But this is the man to whom I look, he that is humble and contrite in spirit and trembles at my word."' (Isaiah 66:1, 2)
October 8, 1990.